In New York, a victory, and why it's an important story for us.
The Beginning:
1988 - The Federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) is passed requiring that non-reservation land acquired by Tribes after 1988 cannot be used for 'gaming' unless it meets at least one of several exceptions - one of which is that the property had been taken into trust as part of a land-claim settlement.
1990 - Congress passes The Seneca Nation Settlement Act. This act allowed non-Indians living on Indian land in Salamanca to remain there, while compensating the Tribe $35 million dollars for it's having been underpaid for the Indian land leased for decades to non-Indians.
2001 - NY Governor Pataki approved the building of three Seneca Nation casinos - one in Salamaca, and the other two in Niagara Falls and Bufflo. They were able to build the first casino without issue since it was on reservation land. In order to build casinos in the other two cities, however, the Tribe needed to purchase off-reservation land - which they did, subsequently requiring them to satisfy one of the exceptions to IGRA in order to provide 'gaming' on the land.
However, because the Niagara project wasn't challenged, it won Federal approval and the Seneca's built a casino on the site of the former Niagara Falls Convention Center.
The Challenge:
In Buffalo, things were different. A citizens coalition filed a law suit against Philip Hogen, in his official capacity as chairman of the National Indian Gaming Commission, the Department of the Interior and the National Indian Gaming Commission itself.
The Citizens for a Better Buffalo coalition was comprised of various individuals and groups including a Pastor, an Assemblyman, a County legislator, the Network of Religious Communities, the Preservation Coalition of Erie County, the Campaign for Buffalo-History, Architecture and Culture, The National Coalition Against Gambling Expansion,
The Coalition Against Gambling in New York, and the
Citizens Against Casino Gambling in Erie County. Erie County itself had originally been a part of the coalition, but left following a change in the County Executive's office.
Still, the Seneca's went ahead and built a 'temporary casino' on the Buffalo site while making plans for a permanent one, claiming that the land in Buffalo didn't need to meet any exceptions for off-reservation 'gaming'
because it had been purchased with money from the 1990 land settlement - not only making it 'Indian Country' - but also making it eligible for 'gaming' under one of the
IGRA exceptions.
This week, US District Court Judge William M.
Skretny, issued a 122-page decision in the case of
CACGEC vs. Hagen.
The Verdict:What's in a name? Well, apparently, a lot. It appears that the
Senca's got the blessing to go ahead with a casino on the Buffalo site all because of a typo.
You see, the
title of the Act, according the United States Code is
“Seneca Nation (New York) Land Claims Settlement.”
But Judge
Skretny pointed out to the Defendants that this title is provided by someone in the printing office. And that the actual title of the Act was provided by Congress and could be found in the Act itself.
Long title:
"To provide for the renegotation of certain leases of the Seneca Nation, and for other purposes.”
Short title:
"Seneca Nation Settlement Act of 1990."As you can see, there is no mention of "land claim" anywhere in these titles.
Or even
"land".Or
"claim".Nada.
Which backed up what our friends the plaintiffs, those meddling kids, had argued. That there
was no land claimed in
Salamanca - the Seneca's had owned the
same land before, and the
same land after the Settlement act. And that the Act was simply a settlement of underpayment of leases for land they already owned - sort of like finally getting a big fat hunk of back rent - not compensation for land unfairly taken from them.
And... since the settlement act wasn't about a
land claim, then it didn't meet the exception under
IGRA to allow 'gaming' there.
The Seneca's are operating an illegal casino in Buffalo.
The Aftermath:The Seneca's are in denial. They continue to allow illegal gambling on the premises of their Buffalo site and haven't yet rolled up blueprints on their new casino. Naturally, there will be an Appeal.
Still, according to the plaintiff's attorney, Richard
Lippes "the Senecas have always said consistently they would follow the law...and we'll take them at their word that they're not going to act illegally." Judge
Skretny did not issue an injunction to shut down the temporary casino, but the citizen's coalition has indicated that they may, if necessary, seek an order to shut it down.
The Lesson:It makes me wonder if, back in the late 1990's, some guy in a suit stood in front of a group of some worried-looking folks from Erie County and told them point-blank that a Buffalo Indian casino 'was a done deal'.
I wonder how many times those people have heard the word 'inevitable' since then. And I can only imagine how many sneaky legal and political maneuvers, misinformation campaigns and inaccurate or misleading news reports they've survived along the way.
The threats, the intimidation, the ever never-ending crisis-
du-
jour and attempts at demoralization.
In the end, it amounted to nothing.
Because, as you can see, after all those battles, the folks from Erie County have, essentially, won the war.
Perseverance, truth, creativity, strength, intelligence, values, and effort took the day. And it will here, too.
Like my friend
Carverchick says, "Be the change you want to see in the world".
Join CasinoFacts.orgJoin CasinoFreeMass.orgIt's not a done deal, unless you let it be.